- Hohenstaufen by Great Soviet Encyclopedia
... also Staufen), a dynasty of German kings and Holy Roman emperors (1138–1254); a Swabian princely family that ruled the duchy of Swabia (1079–1268).The Hohenstaufens took their name from their ancestral castle of Staufen in Swabia. The Hohenstaufen kings and emperors were Conrad III (1138–52), Frederick I Barbarossa (1152–90), Henry VI (1190–97 ...
- Hohenstaufen by Sergio Howell
A German princely family that provided rulers of Germany (1138--1208, 1215--54), Sicily (1194--1268), and the Holy Roman Empire (1138--1254 ...
- Toros Roslin by Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Armenian miniaturist; greatest master of the Cilician school at its peak (second half of the 13th century).Toros Roslin worked in the Romkla Monastery. Seven of his signed manuscripts, executed between 1256 and 1268, have been preserved; a notable example is the Malatya Gospel (1268; Matenadaran ancient manuscript depository, Yerevan).Toros Roslin’s works are considered the greatest ...
- Philip IV by Erik Chandler
Known as Philip the Fair. 1268--1314, king of France (1285--1314): he challenged the power of the papacy, obtaining the elevation of Clement V as pope residing at Avignon (the beginning of the Babylonian captivity of the papacy ...
- crusader states by Braden Barnes
Former territories on the Palestine coast taken by the Christian army during the first of the Crusades. The states were established as the kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187), the principality of Antioch (1098–1268), the county of Edessa (1098–1144), and the county of Tripoli (1109–1289). Threats to the states led the pope to call for future crusades.