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Italian Vittorio Emanuele(born July 24, 1759, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia—died Jan. 10, 1824, Moncalieri, near Turin) King of Sardinia (1802–21). Son of Victor Amadeus III and great-grandson of Victor Amadeus II, he led Sardinian forces against the French (1792–97). He became duke of Savoy and king of Sardinia in 1802 when his brother Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated. His kingdom, except for the ...

... 1752–1844) Supreme Court justice; born in Prince George's County, Md. He fought in the American Revolution and served the U.S. House of Representatives (Va., 1794–96). He was a judge on the Maryland Supreme Court (1796–1802) and President Jefferson's comptroller of the treasury (1802–11) before President Madison appointed him to the U.S. Supreme ...

... 1779–1864) chemist, geologist; born in Trumbull, Conn. He was admitted to the bar (1802), but abandoned this career to become professor of chemistry and natural history at Yale (1802–53), devoting his spare time to study these subjects at Philadelphia, Edinburgh, and London. He founded (1818) and edited the American Journal of Science. (1818–46 ...

Born Jan. 20, 1734, in Douai; died Oct. 29, 1802, in Paris. French statesman.From 1783 to 1787, Calonne was controller-general of finances. He attempted to replenish the exhausted state treasury by borrowing at high interest, reminting gold coins, and increasing taxes. Threatened with the financial failure of the government, Calonne in 1786 followed the example of A. R. J. Turgot and J. Necker in ...

Born Jan. 20, 1734, in Douai; died Oct. 29, 1802, in Paris. French statesman.From 1783 to 1787, Calonne was controller-general of finances. He attempted to replenish the exhausted state treasury by borrowing at high interest, reminting gold coins, and increasing taxes. Threatened with the financial failure of the government, Calonne in 1786 followed the example of A. R. J. Turgot and J. Necker in ...