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... and members of the shen-shih. Class. The societies maintained a local character, and each had its own name. While their activities were not coordinated, the Triad societies had a common slogan: “Overthrow the [Manchurian] Ch’ing dynasty, restore the [Chinese] Ming dynasty.” The Triad societies supplied the organization and leadership for many popular ...

(people’s militia), detachments of prolandowner forces in China prior to the victory of the...

... peasants and urban déclassé. Or lumpen elements and sometimes numbering several thousand men each, attacked towns and settlements for the purpose of plunder. On the eve of the Hsinhai Revolution of 1911–13, local authorities recruited many of these armed bands to fight on their side. Chang Tso-lin and several other northern Chinese militarists came ...

in capitalist countries, an individual used by employers to disrupt strikes and to weaken workers’ unions. Strikebreakers are recruited from déclassé elements and from people without class consciousness, as well as from unemployed people who are pressed by need. Unemployment is the economic foundation of strikebreaking. In many capitalist countries, especially the ...

... Cynara” (1942), and, especially, his rebellious “Song of the Eighteen Doomed Prisoners” (1941). In the novel Life in Darkness. (1935, new edition 1962), he portrays the déclassé of Amsterdam society.WORKSVerzamelde gedickten, 1922–1943. The Hague, 1947.REFERENCEHoekstra, H. G. Over J. Campert. Amsterdam, 1946.