- crannog by Dalton Smith
... of a lake. Made of timber or sometimes stone, crannogs date from the Late Bronze Age into the Middle Ages. Usually fortified by stockades, they were among the latest prehistoric strongholds. See also. Lake Dwellings.
- Carmarthen by Andy Munoz
... 13,130), administrative centre of the county of Carmarthenshire, southern Wales. It lies on the Afon Tywi above the mouth of the Bristol Channel. Both the Romans and Normans built strongholds there. An Augustinian priory dating from the Norman period once housed the Black Book of Carmarthen ( C. 1250), which is the oldest Welsh manuscript extant.
- Ismail by Jenna Peterson
Ismail. 1646?–1727, sultan of Morocco (1672–1727). He organized corps of Sudanese to subdue the revolts that followed his accession. He attacked Christian strongholds in Morocco, regaining Larache and Arzila. Encouraging trade with Europe, Ismail signed a commercial treaty with France (1682) and corresponded with Louis XIV. At Meknes he built a lavish new capital.
- Ahmadu Seku by Shawn Mason
... a great empire centred on the ancient Bambara kingdom of Segu, in present Mali. In 1887 he was forced to abandon Segu and accept French protectorate status. By 1891 most of his strongholds had been seized.
- Sancho I by Dawson Spencer
... towns, and rebuilt frontier strongholds and castles. He encouraged foreign settlers and granted large tracts to military orders. When Portugal was invaded by the Almohad Moors, he sent a Crusader fleet against them (1189), but he lost control of Portuguese lands south of the Tagus River (1191).