(pron./adj.) The same; the same as above; -- often abbreviated id.
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
| APA | Webster's. (2011). idem. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from http://smartdefine.org/idem/definitions/2018724 |
| Chicago | Webster's. 2011. "idem" http://smartdefine.org/idem/definitions/2018724 (accessed September 20, 2026). |
| Harvard | Webster's 2011, idem, Smart Define, viewed 20 September, 2026, <http://smartdefine.org/idem/definitions/2018724>. |
| MLA | Webster's. "idem" 27 May 2011. Web. 20 September 2026. <http://smartdefine.org/idem/definitions/2018724> |