(DoD) That part of the atmosphere, extending from about 70 to 500 kilometers, in which ions and free electrons exist in sufficient quantities to reflect electromagnetic waves.
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 31 January 2011.
| APA | Military Dictionary (DoD). (2011). ionosphere. Retrieved September 21, 2026, from http://smartdefine.org/ionosphere/definitions/1962317 |
| Chicago | Military Dictionary (DoD). 2011. "ionosphere" http://smartdefine.org/ionosphere/definitions/1962317 (accessed September 21, 2026). |
| Harvard | Military Dictionary (DoD) 2011, ionosphere, Smart Define, viewed 21 September, 2026, <http://smartdefine.org/ionosphere/definitions/1962317>. |
| MLA | Military Dictionary (DoD). "ionosphere" 4 April 2011. Web. 21 September 2026. <http://smartdefine.org/ionosphere/definitions/1962317> |