VERTICAL INTEGRATION is the extent to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. Control upstream is referred to as backward integration (towards suppliers of raw material), while control of activities downstream (towards the eventual buyer) is referred to as forward integration.
Barry Goldsmith
| APA | Barry Goldsmith. (2010). vertical integration. Retrieved September 21, 2026, from http://smartdefine.org/vertical_integration/definitions/1166251 |
| Chicago | Barry Goldsmith. 2010. "vertical integration" http://smartdefine.org/vertical_integration/definitions/1166251 (accessed September 21, 2026). |
| Harvard | Barry Goldsmith 2010, vertical integration, Smart Define, viewed 21 September, 2026, <http://smartdefine.org/vertical_integration/definitions/1166251>. |
| MLA | Barry Goldsmith. "vertical integration" 21 October 2010. Web. 21 September 2026. <http://smartdefine.org/vertical_integration/definitions/1166251> |